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Airborne black carbon particles – better known as soot – have long been viewed as one of the many factors that contribute to climate change. But a first-of-its-kind study by an international team that includes Boston College researchers has scientists re-evaluating the extent of black carbon’s impact on atmospheric warming.
Field studies in California found atmospheric black carbon particles absorb significantly less sunlight than scientists had predicted, according to the new report in the journal Science, co-authored by Professor of Chemistry Paul Davidovits and chemist Timothy Onasch, a principal scientist at Aerodyne Research Inc. and an associate research professor at BC.
Mathematical models and laboratory experiments used to study airborne soot particles led to projections that the absorption-boosting chemicals coating black carbon could yield an increase in absorption by as much as 100 percent. But field studies – using measurement instruments and models developed in the Davidovits lab – found black carbon absorption enhancements of just six percent, suggesting that climate models may be overestimating warming by black carbon, the researchers report.
“The team’s field measurements in California showed the enhancement of absorption was very small – approximately six percent instead of by a factor of two,” said Davidovits, an authority on airborne particles, known as aerosols. “In one respect, it shows that nature is much more complicated than our initial laboratory experiments and modeling indicated. Now we will try to unravel and understand that complexity.”
The surprising results highlight the early challenges in a nascent sector of climate science and could have implications for regulatory efforts to reduce the production of black carbon, or soot, by curbing the burning of fossil fuels. Still, scientists agree that black carbon in the atmosphere has a significant effect on global and regional climate, with earlier studies ranking the warming effects of black carbon particles second only to carbon dioxide gas.
For the past several years, Davidovits has collaborated with Aerodyne Research Inc., and colleagues from universities and government labs in the US, Canada and Finland. Their research has focused on the chemical and optical properties of submicron airborne particles of black carbon produced by commercial and industrial activity.
Unlike carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses, which can survive in the atmosphere for decades and centuries, black carbon has a relatively short life span of approximately one to two weeks.
During that span, black carbon particles are coated with airborne chemicals, which sophisticated laboratory tests have shown can act like lenses capable of increasing the ability of the particles to absorb sunlight and heat the atmosphere. That has raised a critical question as to whether targeting black carbon emissions in an effort to reduce climate change could yield relatively quick results on a regional or global level.
Researchers tested air samples using a combination of real-time techniques, including aerosol mass spectrometry and photoacoustic spectroscopy. These techniques are capable of making measurements to determine the chemical, physical and optical properties of the black carbon particles, said Onasch, whose Billerica, Mass.-based company has developed the aerosol mass spectrometer instruments.
Onasch said the recent findings set the stage for further studies around the world under different atmospheric conditions in order to better understand how chemical coatings from a range of emission sources affect the absorptive properties of black carbon.
“When you put a soot particle into the atmosphere, we know it contains an elemental carbon component and we know what it’s absorption will be based on mass and size,” said Onasch. “But black carbon particles in the air are constantly changing. They collect inorganic and organic materials, they grow, change shapes, and change composition. These changes affect the absorption or warming capability of the black carbon. So the question remains: to what extent exactly?”
The recent findings only add to the challenge of understanding complex chemical activity in the atmosphere, said Davidovits, whose research is supported by the National Science Foundation’s Atmospheric Chemistry division and the US Department of Energy’s Atmospheric System Research program.
“These findings do require us to reduce our projections about the amount of heating soot produces, at least under some experimental conditions. But the findings don’t point to soot as being a harmless climate forcer,” said Davidovits. “Soot remains an important climate heating agent, as well as a health problem that has been well documented.”